(a) sum() (b) count(*) (c) avg() (d) sum(*)
(a) DROP (b) CREATE (c) UPDATE (d) ALTER
(a) DISTINCT (b) DECREASE (c) UNIQUE (d) NULL
(i) ALTER TABLE SPORTS ADD CATEGORY VARCHAR(10); OR ALTER TABLE SPORTS ADD COLUMN CATEGORY VARCHAR(10); OR ALTER TABLE SPORTS ADD CATEGORY CHAR(10); OR ALTER TABLE SPORTS ADD COLUMN CATEGORY CHAR(10); (ii) INSERT INTO SPORTS VALUES("G42","Above18","Chess","Senior"); OR INSERT INTO SPORTS(Game_id,P_Age,G_name,Category) VALUES("G42","Above18","Chess","Senior");
ORDNO | ITEM | QTY | RATE | ORDATE |
---|---|---|---|---|
1001 | RICE | 23 | 120 | 2023-09-10 |
1002 | PULSES | 13 | 120 | 2023-10-18 |
1003 | RICE | 25 | 110 | 2023-11-17 |
1004 | WHEAT | 28 | 65 | 2023-12-25 |
1005 | PULSES | 16 | 110 | 2024-01-15 |
1006 | WHEAT | 27 | 55 | 2024-04-15 |
1007 | WHEAT | 25 | 60 | 2024-04-30 |
ITEM | SUM(QTY) |
---|---|
RICE | 48 |
PULSES | 29 |
WHEAT | 80 |
ITEM | QTY |
---|---|
RICE | 25 |
WHEAT | 28 |
ORDNO | ORDATE |
---|---|
1004 | 2023-12-25 |
1007 | 2024-04-30 |
P_id | Pname | Language | Startdate | Enddate |
---|---|---|---|---|
P001 | School Management System | Python | 2023-01-12 | 2023-04-03 |
P002 | Hotel Management System | C++ | 2023-12-01 | 2023-02-02 |
P003 | Blood Bank | Python | 2023-02-11 | 2023-03-02 |
P004 | Payroll Management System | Python | 2023-03-12 | 2023-06-02 |
S_id | S_name | Address | S_type |
---|---|---|---|
S001 | Sandhya | Rohini | Day Boarder |
S002 | Vedanshi | Rohtak | Day Scholar |
S003 | Vibhu | Raj Nagar | NULL |
S004 | Atharva | Rampur | Day Boarder |
S_id | Bus_no | Stop_name |
---|---|---|
S002 | TSS10 | Sarai Kale Khan |
S004 | TSS12 | Sainik Vihar |
S005 | TSS10 | Kamla Nagar |
a) Attribute b) Degree c) Domain d) Cardinality
a) WHERE b) ORDER BY c) HAVING d) DISTINCT
a) Tuple of lists b) List of tuples c) List of strings d) Tuple of strings
LOAN_NO | B_NAME | AMOUNT |
---|---|---|
L_170 | DELHI | 3000 |
L_230 | KANPUR | 4000 |
CUST_NAME | LOAN_NO |
---|---|
JOHN | L_171 |
KRISH | L_230 |
RAVYA | L_170 |
Alternate Keys are all the Candidate Keys of a RDBMS table, which have not been used as a Primary Key.
Example:RegNo | AadhaarNo | Name |
---|---|---|
123456 | 123456789012 | Abraham Sen |
123458 | 123456789123 | Umeed Singh |
In this example, any one of the RegNo and AadhaarNo can be used as a Primary Key. If RegNo is used as the Primary Key then AadhaarNo is the Alternate Key.
CHAR data type is used to store strings of fixed length
VARCHAR data type is used to store strings of variable-length.
Eg, to store ‘India’,
VARCHAR(20) occupies only 5 bytes
CHAR(20) occupies 20 bytes.
DDL – CREATE, ALTER, DROP
DML – INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT
W_ID | F_NAME | L_NAME | CITY | STATE |
---|---|---|---|---|
102 | SAHIL | KHAN | KANPUR | UTTAR PRADESH |
104 | SAMEER | PARIKH | ROOP NAGAR | PUNJAB |
105 | MARY | JONES | DELHI | DELHI |
106 | MAHIR | SHARMA | SONIPAT | HARYANA |
107 | ATHARVA | BHARDWAJ | DELHI | DELHI |
108 | VEDA | SHARMA | KANPUR | UTTAR PRADESH |
F_NAME | CITY |
---|---|
SAHIL | KANPUR |
VEDA | KANPUR |
SAMEER | ROOP NAGAR |
MAHIR | SONIPAT |
MARY | DELHI |
ATHARVA | DELHI |
City |
---|
KANPUR |
ROOP NAGAR |
DELHI |
SONIPAT |
F_NAME | STATE |
---|---|
SAHIL | UTTAR PRADESH |
MAHIR | HARYANA |
ATHARVA | DELHI |
VEDA | UTTAR PRADESH |
CITY | COUNT (*) |
---|---|
KANPUR | 2 |
ROOP NAGAR | 1 |
DELHI | 2 |
SONIPAT | 1 |
PROD_ID | PROD_NAME | PRICE | COMPANY | TYPE |
---|---|---|---|---|
P001 | MOUSE | 200 | LOGITECH | INPUT |
P002 | LASER PRINTER | 4000 | CANON | OUTPUT |
P003 | KEYBOARD | 500 | LOGITECH | INPUT |
P004 | JOYSTICK | 1000 | IBALL | INPUT |
P005 | SPEAKER | 1200 | CREATIVE | OUTPUT |
P006 | DESKJET PRINTER | 4300 | CANON | OUTPUT |
PROD_ID | QTY_SOLD | QUARTER |
---|---|---|
P002 | 4 | 1 |
P003 | 2 | 2 |
P001 | 3 | 2 |
P004 | 2 | 1 |
MIN(PRICE) | MAX(PRICE) |
---|---|
200 | 4300 |
COMPANY | COUNT(*) |
---|---|
LOGITECH | 2 |
CANON | 2 |
PROD_NAME | QTY_SOLD |
---|---|
MOUSE | 3 |
KEYBOARD | 2 |
JOYSTICK | 2 |
PROD_NAME | COMPANY | QUARTER |
---|---|---|
MOUSE | LOGITECH | 2 |
LASER PRINTER | CANON | 1 |
KEYBOARD | LOGITECH | 2 |
JOYSTICK | IBALL | 1 |
LABNO | LAB_NAME | INCHARGE | CAPACITY | FLOOR |
---|---|---|---|---|
L001 | CHEMISTRY | Daisy | 20 | I |
L002 | BIOLOGY | Venky | 20 | II |
L003 | MATH | Preeti | 15 | I |
L004 | LANGUAGE | Daisy | 36 | III |
L005 | COMPUTER | Mary Kom | 37 | II |